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Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1034 Words

TKAM Essay Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a Mockingbird, one of the most seminal books ever written, ending the life of a famous, but incredibly private genius. This incredible novel is the story of a young girl named Scout, who through maturity changing lessons and traumatic experiences grew from a young girl to a matured teen. Not only did she learn that racism only creates problems within a society or community, but also that getting to know people before assuming bad about them should be used in all occasions. Multiple events within the real world now can connect back to the adventurous yet serious, and informative novel through racism and unfair treatment in the justice system. Few, if any solutions are applied to solve these problems with racism, but some may argue that some of the solutions, used or not, would not help the situation. Others create solutions based off of what they feel is right. Although some solutions work better than others, many solutions can also be crea ted based off of Harper Lee’s beliefs. The death of Tom Robinson at the end of the novel connects to the ferguson shooting and the death of Michael Brown through racism by the killing of a black person. After the trial of Tom Robinson, he was taken off to jail. Yet, there was not even protection from racism within closed bars. According to Heck Tate’s story, â€Å"‘he was running. It was during his exercise period. They said he just broke into a blind raving charge at the fence and started climbingShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Ha rper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s perse cution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

To What Extent Do Audiences Need Art Galleries to View Their Works free essay sample

To what extent do audiences need art galleries to view art works? Art galleries are essential to the art world, however, is not the only source for audiences to view art. To begin with, art and artwork is defined as the application of human skill, creativity and imagination. Taking this into consideration, individuals need to examine the nature and purpose of art galleries as a facility to collaborate, organize and display a collection of artworks. As art however, is any expression of human creativity, its presence is not bound to art galleries and is evidently present in the world around us be it in photographs, the internet or even in graffiti. To determine the extent audiences need art galleries to view art, the purpose of galleries and the artworks present in galleries must be examined. The main purpose of an art gallery is to acquire, display and preserve artworks for audiences to examine and view. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Do Audiences Need Art Galleries to View Their Works or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In saying this, it places a large emphasis on the role of art galleries for audiences as it aims to provide a facility in which audiences may view art justifying their importance. Breaking down the concept of art galleries however is important. One must examine the types of galleries and the types of work they hold in order to understand the types of artworks they can provide for an audience and in a sense, show their importance to the art culture and to the audience itself. The first type of art gallery to consider are private galleries. Often run by local or â€Å"smaller named† artists who set up a space to exhibit their works. These are needed by audiences as it allows them to view a snapshot of local, contemporary works. By presenting examples of the kind of works inspired by the community and local area, it provides a deeper sense of the art culture present in the community. Another type of art gallery are government run art galleries such as the Art Gallery of Western Australia. This type of galleries displays a range of national and international artworks. An example is in The Art Gallery of Western Australia, where art is taken from around the world. Such art is from a South African artistWilliam Kentridge (Born April 28 1955) who specializes in sculptures with his work â€Å"Fire Walker† [2009] and â€Å"Shadow Quartet† [2003 2004] (an arrangement of wooden instrumental carvings) available for public viewing. Art galleries are therefore necessary for these delicate types of artworks to exist and be preserved. Without such large facilities, audiences may be prevented from viewing finer arts due to their fragile and delicate nature. Larger art galleries government funded and run are therefore necessary to an audience to view such unique and diverse artworks from around the world.? The final type of galleries are commercial galleries. This type presents works with the intent of sale. Unlike other sources of art such as graffiti on the streets or images on the internet, audiences are granted the rare opportunity to purchase, let alone view works. It provides the opportunity to keep the tangible artwork as opposed to viewing replicas or snapshots of these artworks on the internet or on photographs. On a whole, there is a great need for the presence of art galleries. It provides an audience with tangible collections of artworks. By presenting the actual artworks in collections and exhibitions, audiences are given the chance to view the quality, scale and depth of artworks that are not possible over images, videos or the internet. Their ability to present diverse, high quality artworks from numerous locations all in one venue highlight the need an audience has for facilities such as art galleries. Despite the need for art galleries, they are not essential nor are they the sole source for audiences to view artworks. As art is a dynamic expression of ones creativity, art can be expressed and viewed everywhere and are not confined to art galleries. A perfect example of the presence of artworks available for viewing is in graffiti. Graffiti is often a derogative term used to describe writing, drawing, or images placed on the surfaces of public buildings or areas. Although not considered fine art by many, as an expression of creativity and imagination, it falls under the category of artworks. What separates this form of artwork from those found in galleries is the atmosphere and environment that is attached to graffiti that cannot be replicated or found in art galleries. The raw nature of graffiti makes it appealing for viewers, however, the fact it is abundant in the urban environment justifies the idea that it can be viewed without the need for an art gallery. An example of an artist who’s work is only present in the urban environment is a Melbourne graffiti artist under the alias of Aeon. Examples of his artworks are â€Å"Black† (undated) and â€Å"Foes† (undated), both of which are considered â€Å"Pieces† produced with spray paint on a bricked surface. Such pieces are only available for viewing on the streets of Melbourne on back lanes and ally ways. The location of his works add to the effect and subjective nature of his works with the emphasis of art flourishing in all areas of the world and by all types of people. Such art cannot be made in art galleries as it takes the surrounding environment and incorporates it into the work itself. This shows how despite galleries are a source of artworks, not all artworks can be viewed in an art gallery. Graffiti being one of those due to its unique, raw and urbanized nature. Another reason that audiences cannot completely rely on art galleries to view artworks is due to environment and time. Some artworks simply cannot be created in the physical confines of a gallery, rather they can only be photographed and kept as a snapshot of the artwork whilst still in existence. Andy Goldsworthy (Born July 26 1956) is an example of a British artist who’s artwork cannot be viewed in a gallery. As an environmental sculptor, his works such as â€Å"Gutter Water† (2010) only exist for a certain period of time until the water in the works evaporate. Another example of such artwork that environment and time play heavily upon is â€Å"5 Arches† (1982), a series of 5 ice pillars. Such works are created using the environment and using time, both of which cannot always be replicated in the gallery environment. For this reason, live viewings or photographs are the only way of seeing the artworks placing emphasis that audiences do not need, and sometimes cannot use art galleries to view artwork. The need for art galleries has shifted as a result of the internet. Technological progression has lead to the spread of artworks over the internet minimizing the need that audiences have for viewing artworks at galleries. By providing photographs and copies of artwork, individuals are given the option to view works from the comfort of their home and personal computers taking away the need for having to view them elsewhere based on the convenience of the internet. Artworks are a dynamic expression of creativity and imagination. The extent that audiences need galleries to view them varies, however there will always be a need and purpose for galleries. The quality of work presented, the vast collections and convenience coupled with the atmosphere of art culture that can only be drawn from within galleries are the reasons for audience’s need for them. Taken into consideration, there is a need, however not a complete dependency on galleries to view artworks as art is present in all environments and cultures and not bound to the spaces of a gallery.

The Importance of Family Essay Example For Students

The Importance of Family Essay You can choose to be anyone in this world, but the only constant is your family. They are your roots, and no laws can take that away from you. There may be things you would love to change about your family, but you must learn to live with them. After my parents were married they wanted a baby. I was born September 13th, at 6:00 pm, that night I cried until my mother fed me. Once we checked out of the hospital, we went to meet my two sisters, We had such great joy and love in our home. Everyone was looking forward to my arrival, and my beautiful crib was waiting for me. We will write a custom essay on The Importance of Family specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Months went by, and I began to babble. I mumbled some syllables and sounds to say my first words. I liked to crawl, and eventually walk; but I didnt like be walking without shoes on the floor. My older sister used to give me weird hairstyles, but I was happy. I started my studies in primary school with standard grades. Theres where I found my first friends that I remember. We dont live in the same country, anymore. Although I am introverted and shy, I like to travel and have fun. I moved to the United States with my mother and father, in which I acquired a new living style and new experiences. I moved to different places with my parents. My mother has always been there for me through thick and thin. Unfortunately, no mother is perfect. I never had any stability. My father never realized that we moved to a country where you have to have a job in order to feed the family. He was an abuser, and didnt want to go to work. My mother was the most affected by the domestic violence. Its a really sad reality knowing that we still have this type of violence in our society. I grew up knowing that everything you construct can be destroyed in seconds. Thats why I feel guilty for letting this happens to my family. All I can remember its that I never did household duties. Everyday I woke up to specifically watch cartoons because I wanted to escape. Although I know how selfish I am, theres someone I had always appreciated, my big sister. She was a role model for me. Ultimately, we overcame our fears and escaped. We found jobs for my mom as a housekeeper, and I as a part-time cashier at a restaurant. With our saved money we moved to an efficiency, which its little but full of love. My future was undecided but something I had in mind was to continue my education after I graduated from high school. After high school, a lot of consequences impacted my life and changed my views. I couldnt start college in August of 2014, because I didnt have the necessary materials. In the spring of 2015, Im so excited to be starting my career in business administration. I found myself on a long journey, that is just becoming real. Im a hardworking student who has a goal to accomplish. Its going to be successful. My mother has influenced my life, and has helped me to become the person I am today. She instilled good morals, beliefs and responsibility within me. I am not sure about what my future is going to bring in regards to my personal, professional, or educational goals, because I havent fully reached it yet. I only know where I have come from, and what the present holds. The past is just the past. Theres nothing you can do about it, except learn from it. Ive got a lot to be thankful for, Thanks to my mother I never sleep on the street, and she never left me without meal.

Hollywood Bounty Hunter free essay sample

I have also witnessed many different type of identifying markers on the clothing such as Bail Enforcement, Fugitive Recovery, Agent, and some go further to indicate State and Federal Affiliations such as U. S. Recovery Bureau. When Bounty Hunters decide to wear full black battle dress uniforms (Buds) complete with or without masks it opens the entire Industry to special scrutiny. Bounty hunters that decide to wear all black while working In the field do not realize the potential for mistaken Identity.In 2011 bounty hunters in Jacksonville, Florida dressed in black Buds attempted to rest a wanted fugitive. They did everything correctly and notified law enforcement of the their location and intentions. As they attempted to locate the defendant, neighbors called 911 and advised them of a possible home invasion. The description was three men dressed in black carrying weapons trying to force entry into a residence. There was an error with the police dispatching and the responding officers were not notified of the bail recovery activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Hollywood Bounty Hunter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When officers arrived they observed a person In all black carrying a gun.The officer opened fire killing one of the bounty hunters and seriously wounding another. The officers were cleared In the shooting because of the men In black problem. When law enforcement utilized their SWAT teams, who also wear Buds, they also utilize clearly marked police vehicles and sometimes deploy uniformed patrol officers so there is no mistaking the SWAT team for home invaders. Bounty Hunters also must realize that wearing the tactical uniform during normal operations can be counter productive during area checks and neighborhood invasion. It will many times alert a wanted suspect to your presence as well as turn off potential help from witnesses. Many bounty hunters also Identification and Insignia that lead the general public that they are somehow affiliated with State, or Federal enforcement agencies. In 2008 the owners of a bounty hunting school were arrested for Issuing badges and credentials that had appearances of being federal law enforcement issued. The U. S. Fugitive Task Force, and U. S. Fugitive Recovery Bureau insignia on it.The Federal authorities were able to secure convictions against the school. Bounty Hunters should be proud of who they are and not feel that they need to represent themselves, or the industry, as law enforcement. Many State and Federal agencies are currently hiring and if you want the government badge then I encourage you to apply. If you actually want to become a bounty hunter for the purpose of catching bail bond violators then be proud of your vocation and wear your identifying insignia proudly.

BILL GATES, HIS STORY essays

BILL GATES, HIS STORY essays The second of three children born to a lawyer and a teacher, Bill Gates attended private school, where he discovered his interest in software. Bill Gates introduction to computers occurred during his years at Lakeside, an all-boy private school. There, Gates joined the Lakeside Programmers Group, which included Paul Allen, who would later join Gates as co-founder of Microsoft. There he continued to excel in math and science, and soon developed a pivotal interest in computers. Gates gained access to the ASR-33 Teletype, a slow and noisy computer. He was fascinated by the machine and began spending time with a group of friends that included Paul Allen. The group named itself the Lakeside Programmers Group. During his Lakeside years, Gates set up his first company, Logic Simulation, with his best friend Kent Evans. Gates graduated from Lakeside in 1973 with a perfect 800 math score in his Scholastic Aptitude Test. In September 1973, he entered Harvard. In January 1975, during Gatess second year at Harvard, he and Paul Allen contacted MITS, a computer company that had recently built the popular Altair 8800. Gates and Allen offered to produce software that would make this computer work. In June 1975, he took a leave of absence from Harvard to join Allen at MITS. He returned in September to begin the academic year, but in January he left once more, never to return. In April 1975, Gates and Allen founded Micro-soft (the hyphen was removed later) formulating a partnership of 60/40 in Gatess favor. Microsoft aimed to put a computer on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software. Gates was only 19 years old. By December 1978, Microsoft had had its first million-dollar sales year. On July 21, 1980 computing powerhouse IBM contacted Bill Gates. Currently involved in building a new personal computer, IBM needed software. Although Microsoft was able to supply IBM with languages for the PC, the compan...

The Role of Multicultural Education in Citizenship Essay

The Role of Multicultural Education in Citizenship - Essay Example This is an interesting single case study, but it would be risky to extend any major conclusions to other contexts. A further weakness of this article is that the theory is largely separate from the observation. The lengthy introduction sets out the findings of previous scholars, but it is not always obvious how this relates to the particular teacher being studied in the article. The hybrid method of academic argument followed by snippets of interview leads to an implied devaluation of the teacher’s words as mere anecdote. It is as if the teacher is cited as an illustration of someone else’s theories, rather than a speaker and thinker in her own right. For this reason the article presents a strange aura of superficiality and the fact that the author is male and the subject is female creates a certain gender specific tension as well. This article shows a potential of researcher bias due to strong tone of advocacy that emerges. The choice of method leaves the male professo r in control of the way a single female teacher’s voice is edited and presented. Status and gender issues make this a potentially unfair representation, and adding gender hierarchies to the obvious racial hierarchies that are discussed in the article. In summary, then, this article is clearly knowledgeable about theory, but somewhat inadequate in explaining the connection between theory and practice. Its focus on one researcher and one teacher makes it also very limited in scope and open to the charge of bias. Article 2 (Mathews and Dilworth) This article addresses three main questions relating to the way that preservice teachers view multicultural citizenship, namely 1) the type of citizen that preservice teachers aspire to promote in their future classrooms; 2) the way that preservice... This paper approves that the innovative approach used in the Cutri article on narrative as a method of teaching and learning multicultural citizenship is applicable is a good example of new thinking being applied to a familiar context. It stands out as a new technique among many old and tired approaches, and although it may not suit everyone, and might seem suspect for researchers who prepare quantitative approaches and more triangulation from different perspectives, it can safely be recommended as an exciting tool to help trainee teachers set out their own narrative starting points and begin to engage students with the personal and the emotional aspects of the subject. This essay comes to the conclusion that the close study of the three articles highlighted at the start of this paper has led to a greater appreciation of the difference between surface knowledge and deeply held beliefs. All three studies provide useful insights into the teaching of multicultural citizenship, and especially into the methods that should be used to train teachers of this discipline. The authors all stress the need for preservice teachers and teachers and also teacher educators to engage in a process of continuous reflection and application of theories to the teaching situation. It is clear that the majority of teaching and research in the field of multicultural civilization in the United States is still being conducted by white people and that engagement with some of the issues at a deep level is not taking place in many training programs. Greater familiarity with international scholarship, and a willingness to try new methods are two recommendations which would go a lo ng way to remedying the narrow focus of these American studies.

Finance research paper 123 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance research paper 123 - Essay Example Omar Kassem Alesayi was established in 1997 to assist Saudi citizen to own suitable housing units at reasonable terms. The company specializes in mortage and property financing. Over time, it gradually expanded its business activities to include external entities, i.e. other real estate developers and individuals . In 2006, approximately 87% of its turnover was generated from external parties (OKAG, 2000) They currently work out of one branch, with a total of 28 employees and owns a total of almost 135 million assets. SISCO being a privately owned company is not married in bureaucracy which is common in state-owned firms. The company’s organisational structure is horisontally desgined, with adequate processes and procedures. However, with the expansion plans, a review of its processes and procedures needs to be conducted. The processes and procedures of the company were implemented on an ad-hoc basis, on a learn-as-we-go basis. The company has competitive adavantage over its competitors with a large product portfolio. The key resources of any organization comprise of the financial resources and the human resources or as they are now known as human capital. It is staffed by some of the best professionals in the field. Intangible assets have gained importance now and human capital is the profit lever of the knowledge economy (Low, 2000). Human capital is the source of innovation and strategy; it is the combination of genetic inheritance, education, experience and attitude towards life and business (Bontis and Fitz-enz, 2002). Tacit knowledge has to be converted and retained in the knowledge economy to compete in the market (Marwick, 2001). . The market value of a firm consists of its financial capital and ‘something else’. The book value can be ascertained through the financial assets but this ‘something else’ is the firm’s intellectual capital (Pablos, 2002). The other key resource is finance. SISCO has a strong financial

Pips distress at the end Essay Example for Free

Pips distress at the end Essay Thus Pip pleads with Ms. Havisham explaining the reasons why he cannot play. He begs Ms. Havisham to empathize with him. We can already see the reasons of Pips distress. He has entered an unfamiliar and frightening environment against his will. He is afraid of Ms Havisham and although he is awestruck by Estellas beauty, he is to some extent afraid of her scorn and her arrogance. Ms Havisham then asks Pip to call Estella, when he tells her he cannot play. Ms. Havisham instructs Estella to play cards with him. Estella is reluctant to do so, she thinks of Pip as beneath her and refers to him as a common labouring boy. Estella mocks Pip for referring to the knaves as jacks. She also derides his coarse hands and thick boots. Pip respects Estella since he feels that she is a part of high society. Pip like most people is concerned with wealth and wants to become rich. Later in the story we can see his obsession with becoming a gentleman. However Pip feels that all members of the elite classes and the prosperous are meant to be idolized and their opinions or judgments valued. This causes him to agree with Estella. As Pip says- I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious and I caught it. Here Pip is humiliated and mocked by Estella. She makes him feel that he is coarse, common and unfit to be in a noble house. This further reduces Pips self-confidence. Ms. Havisham then asks Pip for his opinion of Estella, to which he replies that she is proud, pretty and insulting. He tells Ms. Havisham that he would like to go home. Ms. Havisham consents and tells Pip that he can have something to eat. She asks Pip when he will come again. He tells her that the present day is Wednesday. She interrupts him and tells him that she knows nothing of the days of the week and tells him to come again after six days. Here, too Ms. Havisham rebuffs Pip. She seems to suggest that knowledge of the days of a week is superfluous. Although her view is blatantly eccentric, Pip who regards the genteel as always right is more ashamed of himself and his commoness. Estella the leads Pip down to the courtyard. She rudely tells Pip to wait in the courtyard while she gets something for him. Pip says- She came back, with some bread and meat and a little mug of beer. She put the mug down on the stones on the stones of the yard, and gave me the bread and meat without looking at me, insolently as if I were a dog in disgrace. I was so humiliated, hurt, spurned, offended, angry, sorry- I cannot hit upon the right name for the smart- God knows what its name was- that tears started to my eyes. After Estella leaves Pip breaks down and weeps. He does so because he has been scorned, embarrassed and derided by the genteel, people who he now thinks of as admirable. Pips self-confidence has been destroyed. He feels that he is common and trivial. Pip realizes that someone he has admired all his life, is actually not respect-worthy. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Raymond Williams And Post Colonial Studies Cultural Studies Essay

Raymond Williams And Post Colonial Studies Cultural Studies Essay Twentieth century literary critic Raymond Williams was one of the most reputable, yet contested scholars from the British New Left. Once dubbed our best man in the New Left by his contemporaries, Williamss reputation in a post colonial context is less secure.  [1]  Patrick Brantlinger said it best: Williams was thoroughly the representative man. He was the voice of the ordinary, the voice of the working-class, the voice of Wales, the voice of British socialism, the conscience of Britain and of Europe. He understood that his life mattered because it was ordinary, and representative.  [2]  However, the early 1980s signified the shift in political and economic relations between western and non-western countries through post-colonialism, including former British colonies.  [3]  Moreover, post-colonialism served as an avenue to recover alternative ways of knowing and understanding or simply those other voices as alternatives to dominant western constructs.  [4]  While Raym ond Williams provides British colonial commentary, primarily in his seminal work, The Country and the City, it was in the periphery of his grander cultural theory. Scholars within the Birmingham School and post colonial studies have debated the implications of this, including Williams himself. Consequently, this essay will outline the scholarly debate regarding Raymond Williamss alleged ambivalence towards British colonialism and race within his conception of culture. This will allow for an examination of Williamss work within the context of postcolonial studies, particularly the legacy of his cultural theory in a modern context. Raymond Williamss analysis in The Country and City certainly coincides with postcolonial theories emphasis on geography, whether in conversations around spaces, centers, peripheries or borders.  [5]  This analysis is especially significant because as argued by Anthony Alessandrini, postcolonial theory has benefited from the Marxist and Marxist-influenced analyses undertaken by figures involved in the post-Second World war movements against imperialism and for national liberation.  [6]  Alessandrini attributed the 1970s and 1980s political work and cultural analysis of writers like Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy for influencing major figures in postcolonial studies such as Franz Fanon and Edwards Said.  [7]  Therefore, as Alessandrini continued, We would need to look more closely at the historical circumstances under which the field of postcolonial studies has arisen, and especially at the sorts of strategic decisions involved in the adoption or rejection of particular theoretical paradigms.  [8]  Paul Giles would certainly agree as he adds, It would be disingenuous to ignore the fact that postcolonial scholarship in its contemporary guise has as one of its enabling conditions of possibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the increasing attention paid to issues of subalternity and hegemony by forms of cultural Marxism such as those of Antonio Gramsci and Raymond Williams.  [9]  Consequently, this paper is framed around this very approach in regards to the work of Raymond Williams. While few would question the merit or significance of Raymond Williams and his nuanced study of the nineteenth century British rural working class in both Culture and Society and the Long Revolution, there has been significant criticism of Williams due in part to his silence regarding British colonialism. This has proved to be disturbing for some, and certainly problematic for a number of Williamss contemporaries and successors even within the British New Left. Gauri Viswanathan provides an exceptional layout of the criticisms against Raymond Williams and the British New Left in general to conceptualize culture and imperialism. He outlines that within British cultural Marxist tradition since Williams, the conception of British nationalism has been used interchangeably with issues of race, colonialism, or imperialism.  [10]  This is quite evident in Raymond Williamss Keywords (1976), in which the definition of race is not a separate entry of its own, but is distinctively tied to i deas of nationalism. Williams writes: Nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦originally with a primary sense of a racial group rather than a politically organized grouping. Since there is obvious overlap between these senses, it is not easy to date the emergence of the predominant modern sense of a political formation. The persistent overlap between racial grouping and political formation has been important, since claims to be a nation, and to have national rights, often envisaged the formation of a nation in the political sense, even against the will of an existing political nation which included and claimed the loyalty of this [racial] grouping. It could be and is still often said, by opponents of nationalism, that the basis of the groups claim is racial. (Race, of uncertain origin, had been used in the sense of a common stock from C16 [sixteenth century]. Racial is a C19 [nineteenth-century] formation. In most C19 uses racial was positive and favourable, but discriminating and arbitrary theories of race were becoming more explicit in t he same period, generalizing national distinctions in supposedly radical scientific differences. In practice, given the extent of conquest and domination, nationalist movements have been as often based on an existing but subordinate political grouping as upon a group distinguished by a specific language or by a supposed racial community.  [11]   Gauri Viswanathan attributes Raymond Williamss understanding of British nationalism as less of a theoretical oversight or blindness than an internal restraint with complex methodological and historical origins.  [12]  Citing Raymond Williamss conception of base and superstructure, Viswanathan dissects Williamss methodology and level of comfort with Marxist framework. While Viswanathan highlights the dynamic nature of Williamss work as seemingly accommodating a broadened analysis of culture to include colonial relations, he ultimately concedes that Williams continually resisted that kind of refinement of his work.  [13]  Moreover, Viswanathan continued that this base and superstructure framework restricted him [Williams] to solely economic determinist outcomes and pointed to the inefficacy of Williamss cultural materialism.  [14]  Hence Viswanathan concluded that Williamss model was inherently unable to accommodate British imperialism as a function of metropolitan culture due to the internal restraints of his troubled self-conscious with Marxian  [15]  frameworks. Forest Pyle presented a similar commentary in his essay, Raymond Williams and the Inhuman Limits of Culture. Pyle argues that since language is a human instrument it is consequently inhuman for Williams to consider culture as the mapping of a particular historical configuration and of social, economic, and political life.  [16]  Moreover, Williamss cultural theory is beyond repair and cannot simply be corrected  [17]  due to the intertwined nature of culture and community within Williamss work. Therefore Pyle concludes that Raymond Williamss sense of culture cannot account for the historical and structural forms of colonialism and its aftermath. Pyle then goes a set further than Viswanathan in asserting that this points to not merely a personal limitation but a structural limitation that is explicitly exhibited by Williamss unapologetic understanding of empire.  [18]   Both Pyle and Viswanathan provide interesting critiques in light of Raymond Williamss 1973 essay, Base and Superstructure. Within this essay Williams stated that he had no use or static or highly determinedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ model(s) in which the rules of society are highlighted to the exclusion of the processional and historical.  [19]  Yet as both Pyle and Viswanathan conclude, Raymond Williamss analysis does not apply this cultural materialism model within an imperial or colonial context. Viswanathan indentified Raymond Williams as having an internal restraint due to his understanding of British culture and national identity.  [20]  Therefore Williamss conception of national culture remained hermetically sealed from the continually changing political imperatives of empire.  [21]  For example in The Country and the City, Raymond Williams classifies imperialism as the last mode of the city and countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦within the larger context of colonial expansion in which ev ery idea and every image was consciously and unconsciously affected.  [22]  Ultimately, however, British influence extended outward rather than that the periphery had a functional role in determining internal developments.  [23]  Consequently, Williams could only conclude that Britain achieved dominance through the power of a fully formed cultural and institutional system which was transplanted and internalized within British colonies.  [24]   Unsurprisingly, Raymond Williamss cohorts within the Birmingham have attributed this kind of colonial analysis to racism or an egregious form of Eurocentrism on Williamss part. This is especially the case for those involved in black cultural studies, namely Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy. Stuart Hall openly critiqued the limitations of the Birmingham cultural theory in dealing with the other during his tenure as program director in the late 1960s. Hall found that the issues race and cultural relations as advocated by his predecessors were particularly oppressive to minority groups, therefore highlighting a departure of the School itself from Raymond Williams.  [25]  In Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies, Hall discusses the question of race in cultural studies as a major break in the Birmingham School. He emphasizes: Actually getting cultural studies to put on its own agenda the critical questions of race, the politics of race, the resistance to racism, the critical questions of cultural politics, was itself a profound theoreticalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.and sometimes bitterly contested internal struggle against a resounding but unconscious silence. A struggle which continued in what has since come to be known only in the rewritten historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.of the Centre for Cultural Studies.  [26]   Paul Gilroy, who studied with Stuart Hall at the Birmingham School in England, focused on postcolonial modes of deracination within transatlantic culture.  [27]  As Paul Giles states, Paul Gilroy took issue with what he perceived as traditional racism and ethnocentrism of English cultural studies,  [28]  citing in particular the tendencies of E. P. Thompson and Raymond Williams to systematically omit blacks from their analysis on British cultural identity.  [29]  Therefore, Gilroy viewed America as a counterpoint to British cultural analysis, and a means of disturbing any narrowly ethnic definition of racial authenticity or the purity of cultures on either side of the Atlantic.  [30]  Gilroy juxtaposed black culture in Britain with American black protest movements, in order to discredit conceptions of race, people or nation as advocated by Raymond Williams. In fact, Gilroy presents one of the most extreme critiques of Raymond Williams, charging him with proposing a ne w racism in his analysis of culture.  [31]   New Left scholar Benita Perry highlights that the new racism advocated by Raymond Williams was especially problematic for Paul Gilroy, who argued that New Left efforts in the 1960s to reclaim patriotism and nationalism resulted in ethnic absolutism.  [32]  She continues that the concept of culture itself became a site of struggles over the meaning of race, nation, and ethnicity for scholars interested in minority studies such as Gilroy.  [33]  The main issue for Gilroy was that Raymond Williamss conception of culture, with its emphasis on long experience, deflected the nation away from race, setting the course for British Cultural Marxists in general to write irresponsibly and quite ambivalently about race.  [34]  Additionally, this excluded blacks from the significant entities due to Williamss silence on racism, which for Gilroy has its own historical relationship with ideologies of Britishness and national identity.  [35]  This is very similar to the argument presen ted by Gauri Viswanathan earlier on the influence of Raymond Williams on British imperial and national scholarship.  [36]   Beyond overt notions Eurocentrism, Williamss critics vehemently opposed his understanding of the long [British] experience deriving from rooted settlement, which excluded colonized groups and immigrants from the significant entity.  [37]  Paul Gilroy notes that the most egregious silence in Williamss work is his refusal to examine the concept of racism which has its own historic relationship with ideologies of Englishness, Britishness and national belonging.  [38]  He adds, There can be little doubt that blacks are familiar with the legacy of British bloody mindedness in which he takes great pride. From where they stand it is easier to see that its present day cornerstones are racism and nationalism, its foundations slavery and imperialism.  [39]  Therefore, Gilroy concludes that cultures are not isolated from each other as Raymond Williams seemly implied in The Country and the City, but are linked to the persistent crisscrossing of national boundaries.  [40]   Additionally, Paul Gilroy discussed the implications of Raymond Williamss work for peoples of color residing in or immigrating to England. In direct response to Williamss position on lived experience and rooted settlement, Gilroy pointedly asked: How long is long enough to become a genuine Brit in the context of lived and formed identities?  [41]  Gilroy argues, that Williamss favored the exclusion of immigrating peoples of color and contributed to a new racism grounded in a discourse of nation, focused on the enemy within and without race.  [42]  This new racism is rooted on cultural rather than biological determination, proving them undeserving of citizenship and creating authentic and inauthentic types of national belonging.  [43]  This was a position that his Birmingham School program director, Stuart Hall agreed with as well. Raymond Williamss requirements for British citizenship had major implications for those colonial subjects of the Commonwealth outside of Britain, such as Jamaican scholar Stuart Hall. These groups lacked the settled kind of identity and would certainly not qualify under this sort of citizenship as advocated by Raymond Williams as well.  [44]  Raymond Williamss commentary in Towards 2000 favored lived and formed identities, preferably those of a settled kind, for practical formation of social identity has to be lived.  [45]  Williams continues: Real social identities are formed by working and living together, with some real place and common interest to identify with.  [46]  Unsurprisingly, Stuart Hall retorts: I am the sugar at the bottom of the English cup of tea. I am the sweet tooth, the sugar plantations that rotted generations of English childrens teeth. There are thousands of others beside me that are, you know, the cup of tea itself. Because they dont grow it in Lan cashire, you know. Not a single tea plantation exists within the United Kingdom? What could Williams say to this-this outside history that is inside the history of the English?  [47]   Donald Nonini adds to this discussion in his analysis of Stuart Halls critique of Raymond Williams. He writes: The issue here for Stuart Hall, is the requirements of real and lived social identities, and the manner of exclusion of recent immigrants, who although residence of England, have only been there for a few generations. Clearly they do not share the long historical association with the land and forcible integration upon it as Williams required for real citizenship.  [48]  This had major implications on Stuart Halls work within the Birmingham School because he could not ignore the racialized aspects of Raymond Williamss cultural theory. In his essay, Culture, Community, and Nation, Hall equates Williamss cultural belongingness through actual, lived relationships of place, culture and community, amongst politically and culturally subordinate peoples as a replacement for biological determinism and coded language for race and color.  [49]  Therefore, Stuart Hall agrees wit h Paul Gilroy that there is overt ethnic absolutism within Raymond Williams work. Moreover, Hall concludes that post-colonial diasporas of the late-modern experience will never be unified culturally because they are products of cultures of hybridity.  [50]  Hall equates this hybridity to a diasporic consciousness, which meant that non- retain strong links with the traditions and places of their origins while adapting to their present circumstances, so that they can produce themselves anew and differently.  [51]   In defense of Raymond Williams, Andrew Milner argued that both Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy misinterpreted Williamss position on race, citing Towards 2000 as an example.  [52]  Milner writes that Williams was not only vocal about race, but advocated the kind of grassroots social movements that would raise awareness for the heterogeneous strands of English society.  [53]  In fact, Williams describes anti-globalization social movements as resources of hope.  [54]  Additionally, Milner relates Williams analysis of social movements to his understanding of class. He adds that for Williams, neo- imperialist issues led into the central systems of the industrial-capitalist mode of production and its system of classes.  [55]  He supports his position quoting Williams discussion of rooted settlements in Towards 2000: Rooted settlements were alienated superficialities of legal definitions of citizenship with the more substantial reality of deeply grounded and active social iden tities.'  [56]  This interpretation, according to Milner, was problematic for future Birmingham School scholars, particularly Paul Gilroy, who concluded that Williamss authentic and inauthentic types of national belonging followed the same racist rhetoric of British conservatives.  [57]  Milner, however, maintains that this was a distortion of Williamss original argument. He ultimately concludes that future scholars should reexamine Williamss position on race.  [58]   Similar to Milner, Donald Nonini and Christopher Prendergast presents Towards 2000 as the best evidence of Williams conception of racism and visible others in a post colonial context. Nonini cites Williamss observation that the most recent immigrations of more visibly different peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦have misrepresented and obscured pasts.  [59]  Nonini continues that Raymond Williams did account for the differences within British culture and the contested nature of citizenship. For example, Williams wrote that when newly arriving immigrants interacted with true Englishmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦angry confusions and prejudices were evident because of the repression of rural culture and people within Great Britain.  [60]  Nonini interprets this as a sign of Williams internalized colonist sentiment.  [61]  Therefore, Raymond Williams understood racism as the result of the hostility between the formerly integrated peoples and the immigrating more visibly different peoples due to colon ial ideology.  [62]  Moreover, Andrew Milner continues that Raymond Williams did not exclude blacks from a significant social identity with their white neighbors, as Paul Gilroy suggests highlighting Williamss analysis of rural mining communities in Towards 2000.  [63]  Additionally, Stuart Halls assertion that Raymond Williams not only questioned, but ruled out the possibility that relationships between blacks and whites in many inner-city communities can be actual and sustained is even more unfounded when analyzing Williamss work in Towards 2000.  [64]   Christopher Prendergast clarifies that Raymond Williams did not consider this as actual racism, but a profound misunderstanding due to purely social and cultural tensions between the English working class and who they perceived as outsiders.  [65]  While Williams seems to side with the ordinary, working-class man, Prendergast does specify that Williams did counter nativist claims in his conclusion that foreigners and blacks were just as British as we are.  [66]  Therefore, Prendergast maintains that Williams understood the limitations of a merely legal definition of what it is to be British. He adds that Williams felt that attempts to resolve issues around social identities were often colluded with the alienated superficialities of the nation which were often limited to the functional terms of the modern ruling class.  [67]  Ultimately, both Prendergast and Milner conclude that Raymond Williams was not oblivious to racial relations, citing Williams again: It is by working and living together as free as may be from external ideological definitions, whether divisive or universalist, that real social identities are formed.  [68]   While Milner and Prendergast offer an apologetic interpretation of Raymond Williams and colonial relations, Paul Giles and Forest Pyle emphasize Williams conception of culture as the liability in his analysis. In his essay, Virtual Americas: The Internationalization of American Studies and the Ideology of Exchange, Paul Giles cites Raymond Williamss idealized conception of community as an empowering and socially cohesive forceas problematic.  [69]  Williamss stubborn insistence in holistic communities and rooted settlements creates significant challenges when dealing with imperial relationships. Seemingly, Raymond Williamss cultural analysis accommodates a broadened conceptualization of culture that is inclusive of colonizer-colonized relations, yet this never materializes. Instead, Williamss understanding of the cultural experience becomes overtly exclusive of colonial others, minorities, and immigrants due to his naturalized and geographically localized notion of English nation al culture.  [70]  As outlined previously with Forest Pyle, Williamss appropriation of culture as inhuman and fictional due to the pervasive and elusive nature of the term itself in relation to colonial analysis.  [71]   Post colonial scholar R. Radhakrishnan provides a critique of Raymond Williamss cultural theory as a means of deconstructing Eurocentrism in a post colonial context. While Radhakrishnan acknowledges the insight provided in The Country and the City, he argues that Williamss continual self-reflexivity posits him in a contradictory position when it relates to colonialism and culture. Therefore his commentary becomes both oppositional-marginal and dominant-central and ultimately coincides with a demonstrably metropolitan voice.  [72]  As a result, those within the margins or periphery of dominant British culture are too easily and prematurely adjusted and accommodated within what Williams considered as a connecting process towards a common history.'  [73]  Radhakrishnan maintains that what differentiates post colonial scholars such as Edward Said or Paratha Chatterjee from Raymond Williams is their awareness and articulation of subaltern marginality that often negates Williamss n otion of a successfully transplanted method of cultural commonality.  [74]  In that sense British nationalism or culture can be enacted in the postcolonial context to the detriment of indigenous, peripheral cultures because it fails to speak for them. Therefore, Radhakrishnan concludes that Williamss cultural analysis is incapable of dealing with the nuances of either a colonial or post colonial world. Nevertheless, numerous scholars have worked to

Assignment 2/Developing the Evidence Matrix/PICO Essay

Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most prevalent of all nosocomial infections inflicted upon patients while hospitalized. Approximately 30% of all hospital reported infections are of the urinary tract (Joint commission: New year will usher in new CAUTI prevention requiremants, 2011). The Joint Commission estimates the annual cost of CAUTI care is in excess of $400 million; furthermore, CAUTI care is targeted by Medicaid and Medicare services as a non-reimbursable infection. For years, postoperative urinary catheter utilization has been contested regarding the appropriate criteria required for its application, maintenance, and discontinuation. Patients hospitalized for short term postoperative care, specifically, orthopedic patients, are often catheterized due to their limited immobility. The goal of therapy with surgical orthopedic procedures is to improve mobility, not render the patient immobile. Urinary catheters are often viewed as cumbersome, inconvenient instruments of immobility by the patient. Conversely, nurses have often viewed urinary catheters as an instrument of convenience and standard of care for hospitalized patients. The use of short term urinary catheter use, whether indwelling or intermittent, in orthopedic patients has been surveyed through multiple studies, resulting in evolutionary changes in the standard of care of postoperative orthopedic patients. The contrasts  in patient outcomes utilizing indwelling catheterization, intermittent straight catheterization, and non-use of catheterization will be reviewed. PICO In postoperative orthopedic patients, how does the discontinuation of an indwelling urinary catheter compare to non-catheterization in relation to the prevention of urinary tract infection? INDWELLING URINARY CATHETERS AND THE POSTOPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENT Population: Postoperative orthopedic patients Intervention: Discontinuation of an indwelling catheter Comparison: Non-catheterization of postoperative orthopedic patients Outcome: The patient will not exhibit any symptomology of a urinary tract infection Evidenced Based Practice Models  The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence Based Practice Conceptual Model (JHNEBPCM) can be utilized in this area of focus as it comprises the foundations of nursing: practice, education, and research. There are three phases to this model known as the PET process: Practice question, Evidence, and Translation. The practice question identifies a problem with a current practice. Evidentiary support to answer the practice question is produced through the utilization and evaluation of research and non-research evidence. The outcome of the implemented research is then translated into practice change, the measurement of those outcomes, and the dissemination the new research (Buchko & Robinson, 2012). The Iowa Model of Evidenced Based Practice (IMEBP) is appropriate for use in this area of focus. It allows for the entire healthcare system to be utilized in determining the need for change in the delivery of care. Employing this model allows the researcher to elect to choose between a current problem and new research as the basis for change in patient care. Once the trigger has been substantiated as a priority, a team is put in place to assemble, critique, and determine if enough research has been presented to pilot a change in current practices. If there is sufficient evidence for change and the pilot  program is successful, a change in practice will occur. Once a change has been made, the data obtained from the practice change can be further  developed utilizing this model and continuing the evolutionary cycle of improving standard of care practices. INDWELLING URINARY CATHETERS AND THE POSTOPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENT Otherwise, if there is not enough evidence, further research may be conducted to provide enough of a base to continue toward obtaining a practice change (Dontje, 2007). The differences between the JHNEBPCM and the IMEBP are minor. They both provide a common goal: to change current practices by employing evidenced based research to foster the evolution of healthcare practices. Both models use a question or a trigger to initiate a change in practice. The minor difference between the JHNEBPCM and the IMEBP is the JHNEBPCM validates its change of practice question with the application of non-research data in addition to its research data. In this way, the JHNEBPCM can consider patient preference as an indicator to best practices. Determining the Question  The National Patient Safety Guidelines, as determined by the Joint Commission, include the prevention of indwelling CAUTI, emphasizing the prompt removal of these instruments and the observation for subsequent infection (Joint commission: New year will usher in new CAUTI prevention requiremants, 2011). The initial question was, â€Å"In admitted orthopedic surgical patients, does prompt removal of an indwelling Foley catheter within 48 hours of surgery reduce the incidence of catheter associated urinary tract infection?† In order to have a broader result list in searching for articles, the PICO parameters were refined. The population parameter was reduced to â€Å"postoperative orthopedic patients.† The intervention parameter was refined to â€Å"discontinuation of an indwelling catheter.† This removed the time constraint from the initial PICO question. Using â€Å"non-catheterization,† employed the comparison tool to serve as t he basis for improved practice. The outcome parameter, â€Å"prevention of urinary  tract infection† aligns INDWELLING URINARY CATHETERS AND THE POSTOPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENT with the Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Guidelines to preventing CAUTI, ensuring better patient care by eliminating infections.  Search of Evidence PubMed was the first database searched for postoperative urinary catheter indications and subsequent infections. The key terms, â€Å"indwelling urinary catheter AND urinary tract infection AND surgery,† were entered into the search bar, yielding 320 results. Accordingly, a second search using the key terms, â€Å"orthopedic surgery AND catheter associated urinary tract infection,† resulted in eight articles. Of those eight, two articles were chosen for review due to their specificity to joint surgery and urinary catheterization. The Cumulated Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAH) database was the second database searched. The key terms, â€Å"surgical patients and urinary tract infection,† produced 14 articles, of which two retrospective cohort studies were chosen for review based on the PICO criteria of urinary catheter use in the postoperative period. Additionally, a search for the key terms, â€Å"orthopedic surgery and catheter associated urinary tract infection† resulted in zero hits. The third database searched was Science Direct. The key terms searched for in this database were, â€Å"surgical patients, indwelling catheter, sterile field, and urinary tract infection.† This search resulted in 845 articles in which they were further limited to, â€Å"infection control,† which yielded 27 articles. Of those 27 articles, two were chosen for further review; a prospective observational study with descriptive and comparative design and a randomized control trial with cost-effe ctiveness analysis. INDWELLING URINARY CATHETERS AND THE POSTOPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENT Evidence Review The first, and oldest, article reviewed was discouraging. Knight and Pellegrini’s (1996) randomized control trial determined utilization of indwelling catheters for urinary retention in postoperative total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures was beneficial for the patient. It was also determined urinary tract infections were not a consequence of indwelling catheter usage. The level of evidence met level one criteria, yet the grade of recommendation was D due to the weak recommendations with alternative approaches likely to better suit a different group of patients, those requiring urinary catheterization for urinary retention. The next study, a retrospective cohort study, sampled 35,904 patients who underwent major cardiac, vascular, orthopedic, or gastrointestinal surgery. A urinary catheter was placed intraoperatively, resulting in the development of a urinary tract infection if left in for more than two days; these patients were twice as likely to develop a urinary tract infection compared to patients whose catheters were removed within 48 hours of surgery (Wald, Allen, Bratzler, & Kramer, 2008). That same year, another retrospective cohort study by two of the previous authors along with two additional researchers, concluded postoperative patients admitted to skilled nursing facilities where their indwelling urinary catheters were maintained over the course of their care were associated with poorer outcomes. This study was restricted to the patients in skilled nursing facilities where direct patient care was limited and ongoing surveillance was minimal (Wald, Epstein, Radcliff, & Kramer, 2008). Both of these studies level of evidence met two-b criteria, grade of recommendation A and B respectively; the first study could apply to most patients in most circumstances, while the second study could apply to most circumstances. INDWELLING URINARY CATHETERS AND THE POSTOPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENT The final review of Nyman, et.al, (2013), resulted in a one-a level of  evidence with an A for grade of recommendation. This randomized control trial concluded the employment of indwelling catheters and intermittent straight catheterization during the postoperative period for hip surgery patients had both benefits and disadvantages, yet non-catheterization was best for postoperative patient outcomes. This study was the most recent on record and aligned with the Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Guidelines. Summary Evidence based practices have become the cornerstone for the standard of care in healthcare facilities. Over the course of the past 20 years, healthcare providers have provided the research necessary to remove indwelling urinary catheters as the standard of care in postoperative orthopedic patients; from advocating of their use for urinary retention in the late 1990’s to limiting their utilization today. The higher incidence of CAUTI has provided Medicaid and Medicare programs support in rejecting reimbursement measures to facilities for these types of nosocomial infections. New nurse directed protocols supported by evidenced based research have decreased the incidence of CAUTI, although, if these practices are to continue to be successful, a physician culture change must be embraced. The entire healthcare team must continue to participate in an active role to eliminate unnecessary and preventable infections, specifically CAUTI’s. To appropriately act on the behalf of the patient, clinicians must ensure best practices not only for the well-being of the patient, but for the fiscal survival of a healthcare facility. INDWELLING URINARY CATHETERS AND THE POSTOPERATIVE ORTHOPEDIC PATIENT References Buchko, B., & Robinson, L. (2012). An evidenced-based approach to decrease early postoperative urinary retention following urogynecologic surgery. Urology Nursing, 32(5), 260-264. Dontje, K. (2007). Evidence-based practice:Understanding the process. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal, 7(4). Joint commission: New year will usher in new CAUTI prevention requiremants. (2011). AIDS ALERT, 26(11), 1-2. Knight, R., & Pellegrini, V. (1996). Bladder management after total joint arthoplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 11(8), 882-888. Nyman, M., Gustafsson, M., Langius-Eklof, A., Johansson, J.-E., Norlin, R., & Hagberg, L. (2013). Intermittent versus indwelling urinary catheterisation in hip surgery patients: A randomised controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 1589-1598. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.05.007 Wald, H., Allen, M., Bratzler, D., & Kramer, A. (2008). Indwelling urinary catheter use in the postoperative period: Analysis of teh national surgical infection prevention project data FREE. Arch Surg, 143(6), 551-557. doi:10.1001/archsurg.143.6.551 Wald, H., Epstein, A., Radcliff, T., & Kramer, A. (2008). Extended use of urianry catheters in older surgical patients: A patient safety issue? Infevtion Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 29(2), 116-124. doi:10.1086/526433

Gender Issues Essay

According to Elisabeth Horst, Erik Erikson’s theories pertaining to identity and intimacy disconcerns sexual differences. The primary consensus of several writers concludes that Erikson believes that women rely on marriage to develop their identity. This was written at a time when differences in sexes were treated as afterthoughts. He based his theories on the masculine version of experience. Yet Erikson did not portray women as inferior. There seems to be a conflict in underemphasizing women’s roles and overemphasizing women’s roles and overemphasizing their role in the social system. Very little was written about women in this time. One author (Marcia, 1980) implicated that intimacy becomes more of a feminine task and identity demonstrates a masculine task. Orlosfsky (1977) defines the masculine traits such as independence, autonomy, and assertiveness even more important to forming identity than the more feminine characteristics of warmth, tenderness, and understanding. Some writers disagree with Erikson’s theory of human development because they considered him to be a sexist. His writings involved the masculine aspect more than the feminine side in his studies. Horst, E. A. (1995). Reexamining Gender Issues in Erikson’s Stages of Identity and Intimacy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73 (3), 271-278. Marcia, J. (1980). Identity in Adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed. ), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York. Wiley. Individuation and Attachments Many feminist critize Erik Erikson’s theory because of neglect or misprotrayal of female experience. He seems to presume that identity precedes intimacy. This seems to add limitations to his universal theory of human development. Even though he includes trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity into his theories. Erikson demonstrates the stages of life as: (I) Infancy showing trust vs mistrust ages 0-16 months (II)Early Childhood 17-36 months (III) Play Age (IV)School Age 6-12 (V) Adolescent (VI) Young Adult (VII) Adulthood (VIII) Mature Age It appears as if Erikson did not elaborate on attachment during infancy and childhood, thus the need to apply the notions of Jean Piaget.

Term Papers and Report

Term Papers and Report Term Papers and Report Term Papers and Report The term papers and report are the most common assignments at high schools, college, and universities. The term papers and report are a kind of independent research term paper where the researcher discloses essence of investigated problem; results of the study, observations, literature review insights, etc. In addition, you will review tips on term paper format. You may also read great article on college term paper writing secrets and learn how to write great term papers! Steps of writing term papers and report: Selection and studying of the basic sources for a topic.List of literature making. Material processing and ordering. Preparation of conclusions and generalizations. The report plan working out. Writing. Public report of research results.Distinguishing characteristic of the term papers and report is scientific, academic style.The academic style is absolutely special way of text material giving, the most suitable for writing of educational and scientific works. The given style defines following norms: Sentences can be long and complex; Foreign words, various terms are used; Statements like "most likely", "in our opinion" are not used; There should be no pronouns "I", Â «my (point of view)Â »; There can be no clich?s and general words.The standard structure of term papers and report can be following: The topic of research formulation. Research urgency. The research purpose. Research problems. Hypothesis (scientifically proved sup pose of possible results of research work).The detailed description of all actions connected with results getting. Results of research. A summary of the new information which was received by the researcher. Research conclusions. The required sections of term papers and report:The title page. Table of contents. Introduction.The basic part.The conclusion.BibliographyTerm papers and report writing tips:Refer only to the reliable and recent sourcesCite all sources both within the text and at the end of itUse headings and sub-headings to keep the structure neat and logicalAvoid overgeneralizations and personal opinionsAsk professional term paper writers for help!If term papers and report writing is a challenge for you, try our professional term paper writing services and we will do your work for you! We are responsible, educated, and experienced! If you are in need of dissertation help or looking for assistance with writing a case study analysis, we are always online to st art working on your assignment!

The Cost of Child Support essays

The Cost of Child Support essays Child support to me is a great tool that can be used against a dead beat parent or somebody that just keeps having kids regardless of the after affect. It can help the caring and more responsible party care for their offspring; however, there are many parents who take advantage of this free money and use it for their own benefit. I have two boys, a five year old and three year old. I have given them everything a father could give to them. I provide a safe warm house, food on the table and clean clothes. I bath them and make them brush their teeth daily. Every Monday, Wednesday and Friday I get my five year old on the bus and my three year old to preschool. I ensure that every homework or project they bring home gets done and gets done right. I read books to them every night to help their brains develop properly. Every night I have them: they get a bath, their teeth brushed, their ears cleaned, and then of course tucked into their bed watching Wow Wow Wubzy. I take really good care of my boys. In 2009, I was ordered- by the Wayne County Child Support Enforcement Agency- to pay $829 a month for child support. I received the support papers in the mail. They had everything calculated from my income, the mothers income, health insurance costs, daycare costs, etc. There was also a paper for me to fill out in which I could fight the amount I was being ordered to pay. There was no doubt in my mind that this was a mistake. I mean how can my kids cost $829 a month? That being half of the cost because, the mother would be paying the other half. So in reality our kids cost us $1658 a month. I was also ordered to pay all of the daycare costs and the portions of medical costs that my health insurance didnt cover. A month later, both the mother and I had a meeting with the WCCSEA. The lady we met with was Tara; she was the head of the WCCSEA. We had the chance to discuss both mine and the mother's issues. Ambe...

Organized Medicne and Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organized Medicne and Healthcare - Essay Example This problem has been addressed and discussed by the American Medical Association in its online article which has been updated till January 10, 2008. The content for the article is provided by the ‘Graduate Medical Education’. The article states that as of present there is a growing need for physicians, who are in shortage, unlike the prediction of a physician surplus by the concerned experts in the nineties. This has been complicated by the issues between the qualified physicians available in the country and large corporate healthcare institutions, with both parties blaming the other as being responsible for economic inefficiency. The article cites Edward Salsberg of the AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges) Center for Workforce studies who lays emphasis on the growing patient population with increasing life expectancy necessitating the need for geriatric and psychological care. David C. Goodman (Dartmouth Medical) feels that the development of efficient medic al delivery systems should be the focus of the medical fraternity rather than spending huge amounts on training more physicians. The article stresses on the need for developing an efficient workforce of medical teams which should involve trained nurses and physician assistants rather than allowing super specialized physicians like neurosurgeons to attend to basic medical procedures inside a hospital environment. As a result there is still dearth of non-physician medical workforce in the country. As felt in the past that training of more physicians would lead to competition and lower costs, the experiment misfired because the ‘generation of more doctors lead to more money being consumed by healthcare in the society rather than driving down costs’. The article highlights the inefficiency of the so called experts on organization of the healthcare industry who

Define the Origins of the Aqualung in Relation to Swim Diving Essay

Define the Origins of the Aqualung in Relation to Swim Diving - Essay Example The open air prototype expelled all exhaled air into the waters. The open air system is commonly used for the recreational diving. The Scuba divers suffers from the risks for decompression problems (divers using surface-supplied compressed air) should they ascend without adequate decompression. However, a mixture of Helium-Oxygen compressed air can help Scuba divers descend deeper as compared to compressed air. The history of scuba diving dates back centuries. Many individuals have been diving underwater throughout the ages probably for a period long as they have been swimming. However, the diving may not have been in the exact form of scuba diving but ushered in the inquiry for dive and remained breathing underwater. In ancient times, such mechanisms as hollow reeds, as well as inflated airbags but had a lot of shortcomings. They had limitations based on depth and the duration the swimmer could remain underwater breathing. Scuba diving has undergone a number of tremendous expansions till the turn of the century where the number of new divers is gradually stabilizing. By 2012, the number of new divers certified was approximately one million. The Scuba diving remains a fledgling and vibrant sport as portrayed by the ever rising evolution of the dive equipment as its associated practices. Over the recent years, the application of dive computers has been standardized effectively integrated into many certification agencies in their training curriculum. The incorporation of the wireless of air consumption into the algorithm of dive computers remains the most fundamental innovation. Accordingly, the incorporation of wireless integration into the diving sport has culminated into a safer diving. The chronology of the scuba diving is quite fantastic. The various civilizations throughout the years have indulged in breath-hold diving, free-diving. The existence of sea items on land and ancient pictures presents the evidence for early

Green Claims Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Green Claims - Essay Example The consumers consider them â€Å"as not made for them but for people from high class societies† (Klutz, 2009). According the research done by the United Nations Environmental Program in 2009, global market is not really ready for these products. This may be as a result of the consumers’ attitude towards these products. There are various false green claims being made by various companies around the world. These claims cannot be substantiate hence also misleading the consumers. On the other hand, products making green claims have turned to be a global trend where many companies in the world are adapting to this initiative. For green products to become main stream, they should firstly be bought at an affordable price as the rest of other products. The consumers also need to be aware of these products which can be achieved through advertisements, consumer education about green claims. A radical action should also be taken on companies and manufactures who give false green claims on products in the market. Rules and regulations should be set in relation to the green claim initiative. The U.S does not have a national body that oversees green certificates which makes it hard to enforce the Green Claim initiative programs (Sobha, 2008). As a result, U.S products are less competitive in the global market. In this case, it is difficult to examine the effectiveness of green technology in the states. A body independent body that focuses on green technology should be created to empower the Green Claim initiatives. Klutz M. (2009). Environmentally Conscious Materials Handling: New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons,

Written methods Essay Example for Free

Written methods Essay E-mail is used in Perkins as a fast and detailed way to communicate to communicate between departments of the business and a way to send documents from one place to another quickly by attaching them to an E-mail.  ICT robots are used as an easy way to build the engines because all they needed to do was to install some software and programme them for what they are needed to do. Written methods  Financial documents are used as communication to customers and to confirm that their order has been received. There are a variety of financial documents starting with the Order form then going to the delivery note followed by the credit (if needed) ect. Letters are also used as communication to customers, suppliers and other Perkins factories.  Oral  Department meetings are used in Perkins because it is a way for the heads of each of the departments to say what is happening in their department and also to assign jobs to each department and to show others designs for their newest engines. These meetings are time consuming and they might also cause conflict between colleagues sharing their opinions about what is happening in the business. These meetings are held once a week in Perkins and they are attended heads of all functional areas or the head of one department and their employees. Production meetings are used to share ideas about what the next engine will be like. These meetings are also time consuming and can be disrupted easily by lateness.  C2  Communication inside functional areas  Email is used inside the functional areas to send information to other employees this is good because it keeps the employees up to date with what is happening within the department, it is also a fast way of communicating and you can also attach documents. Email can also be bad because employees might send the wrong information or they might send it to the wrong employee. Department meeting are useful inside Perkins no matter if it is a meeting with all the department heads or just the one head of that specific department (this is the one I shall talk about in this paragraph) this is a good method of communication because it means that all employees shall know what their newest assignment but these meetings can also be bad because they are easily disrupted by people being late and these meeting can also cause conflict between workers and compromise the amount of engines made, if some employees are not getting along it will bring down worker morale. Fax is used inside functional area to send important documents around the functional area of the business. This is good because it is like a photo copier and a telephone because employees can send other employees documents and still have the original copy.  Between functional areas  Fax is used between functional areas in the same way as they use it inside the functional area of the business.  Intranet is used between functional areas because it is like a closed circuit internet just for Perkins. It is used to give employees a basic idea of what they may need to do. This is made by the Administration department to let employees know what customers they are providing for and what types of engines they would like. Email is used between functional areas because they can send documents of what the customer wants and how they want it made. This is used by employees to send each other information quickly and neatly.  Communication with people outside the business  The telephone is used to contact people outside Perkins. This can be used to contact people who work for Perkins or customers of Perkins (Perkins generally does not phone customers but they use letters and financial documents) Telephone conferencing is used to have three or more way conversations for people who work at home for Perkins this is useful because they dont have to keep putting people on hold. Telephone conferencing can also be bad because employees may not be able to understand others if they are from other countries. This can also be used to communicate with rich customers.  Letters are used to communicate with customers to see what they want and if they are still loyal to Perkins. They are also used to communicate to shareholders so they can have the information about how the business is running.

Free College Admissions Essays: I Look Great in Ivy! :: College Admissions Essays

I Look Great in Ivy! Â   Discovering and choosing a university that fulfills all of my needs was a rigorous yet exciting task. The Ivy U clearly emerged as the best choice for me and I, as a great match for the university. After visiting the campus, reading the information pamphlet, and researching the university Web site, I realize that Ivy offers what I hope to gain from my college experience. In return, I will contribute to the university as a person with leadership qualities who takes initiative and enjoys participating in school events. Â   For many years, I have wanted to become a midwife, and the Ivy School of Nursing stands out as the premium institution for such training. The university's close proximity to many hospitals will familiarize me with patients and hospital life, allowing me the best training possible. Â   As an individual, I will thrive in the intimate and familiar environment of the nursing school, one of Ivy's smallest schools. Coming from a small high school, I was greatly impressed by my visit to the campus, where I noticed the close relationships between the professors and students, and the strong family feeling within the nursing school. Â   The location of Ivy's nursing school within the large campus of Ivy's other schools offers myriad benefits. Firstly, I will have the opportunity to take classes in any of the other schools at Ivy, and this seamless academic integration will allow me to pursue my interests outside of nursing. Â   In addition to academic breadth, there are a greater variety of extra-curricular activities available on the larger campus. I am excited about continuing my interests in sports and theater. I have played on my high school's varsity volleyball team for two years and I plan to play volleyball throughout college in Ivy's women's club volleyball. I also performed in The Sound of Music in high school and the Teatron will allow me to actively participate in theater. Â   As president of the student council, I have always promoted school spirit, and I intend to continue my enthusiastic involvement throughout my college career. My school places a large emphasis on test grades and homework, creating a serious mood throughout the school. As president, I have tried to enrich the school experience by planning events such as school lunches and interesting field trips.

Iraq iran war of 1980 – major facts

Key Dates Context – Iraq 13 Millions inhabitants Saddam Hussein is still contested in his own parti by A1 Bakr supporters and with Islamic revolution in Iran, Shiis start a revolt in 1979. 1st military power in the region. Arabs = 75%, Kurds = 17%, perstan 2%. 2/2 Sunni, 1/2 Shii and 3% of minority (christians, Jews,†¦ ) Economic dependency on oil. Others sectors were developping. Baasist regim since 1968 and the second â€Å"coup d' ©tat† (1st in 1963).July 1979, Saddam Hussein finally take supreme power after the ‘elimination' of his cousin Hassan A1 Bakr, former Iraq president. Context – Iran 35 Million inhabitants Islamic regim after the 1979 revolution Persian = 61 %, Azeris = 16%, Kurds = 90% Shii, 9% Sunni, 1% non muslim (Christians, Jew, Zoroastrians). Economic dependency to oil (79% of government revenues). Others sectors are badly developped. But still contested. Weakness of military forces due to purges of new regims.Religious differences – Sunni / Shii Had split in 661 after the assassination of All, the 4th Caliph and especially the nephew and son in law of Muhamad as the first one who have convert himself to Islam. Political differences at start. Shii thinks the Caliph should be a descendant of Ali and o Muhamad to have the prophete blood. Sunni gives the caliphate to the best muslim. Religion practice also differs. For Shii, they think Caliphs and Imams can interpret the coran. For Sunni, interpretation. are not really accepted.There is also the 7 revealed / 7 hidden imman theory in Shiism. Today : 90% of Muslim are Sunni. In the 10th Century, 50% and the two main caliphate were ruled by Shii. Arabs / Persians Economic and Political stakes (Iraqi motivations) Shatt al Arab first reason of the conflict Geostrategic Waterway close to the Persian gulf. – Use to be Iraqi – Since the Alger agreements (1975) the two ountries share the area Iraqi wants to get back Shatt al Arab. The Saddam Hussein g overnmant (BAAS) is a lay party: Stop the Islamic expansion in the region.Factors leading to the War Iraqui political and economical motivations Iran is weakened because of the Islamic revolution Saddam feels invincible (30 days of war maximum) Ayatollah Rouhollah khomeini, Islamic revolution leader has bad relationship with Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein thinks that he has support within Iran (Socialist and non-revolutionary partisants) Saddam Hussein thinks that he has gulfs countries support Iranian Stakes for winning the war After having won 1% of the Iranian territory, Saddam strengthened his trust in winning the war and proposed a ceasefire.

Cari’s Story Essay

An infection in Cari’s nasal passage and pharynx can spread to her sinuses because her sinuses open into the nasal cavity and the throat. The cough reflex makes a coughing response to the larynx, pharynx, and the trachea-bronchial tree. Cari’s respiratory system is clearing her lungs the cilia moving the mucus from the lungs and it starts the cough reflex sending mucus to the pharynx therefore you are able to swallow it or spit it out. The structure found in the terminal bronicoles and alveoli that would normally protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens are called macrophages. The mucous in the lungs would raise the resistance in her air way because the small opening, the buildup would cause. Fluid would have some alveoli drown where they could not function and would buildup friction or rubbing. Cari’s compliance would increase because of the loss of volume reduces total lung compliance and cause it to work harder. The fluid would lower her total lun g capacity by not letting the space by not allowing it to be filled with air. The elevation cause her respiratory rate to alter her ventilation by the volume is total volume of air taken in and out each minute. Cari blood gases would show too much oxygen. The symptoms of panting like a dog and my chest hurts are what make me think she is low in oxygen. The oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is affected by POC 2 and alkaline blood gases are down and the breathing has delivered more oxygen is released from blood and caused more oxygen to be used. The administration of oxygen would help her to breath. The anatomical structures in her respiratory system involved are the lungs and the alveoli. Cari was plagued with a chronic cough due to excessive mucus produced that doesn’t clear. The damaging effects of tobacco smoke because Cari respiratory system to be impaired is nicotine’, nicotine make the bronchioles smaller and decreases.

Abortion and Euthanasia Question Essay Example

Abortion and Euthanasia Question Essay Example Abortion and Euthanasia Question Essay Abortion and Euthanasia Question Essay Christians hold a strong responsibility for those at the beginning and end of their lives there for abortion and euthanasia are very important issues. Roman Catholics believe that abortion which is killing an unborn child is wrong because they believe life starts at conception so someone who commits abortion is killing a life. Christians also believe in the parable of sheeps and goats which means if someone kills a person or hurts a person it is killing Jesus and if life is harmed it is saving Jesus meaning Jesus is in everyone of us even in the unborn child and a person at the end of their life so committing abortion and euthanasia is against the Christian religion. In Mathew 4:23 Jesus went throughout Galilee, teaching.and healing every disease and sickness among the people therefore we should help the unborn child and people suffering just like he did not resorting to abortion or euthanasia but to help the unborn child and look after the person at the end of their lives. Christian also believe We were made in gods image so everyones life should be preserved even the unborn child Some might believe that life at the beginning and the end of life are not as important as life in the middle, but all life is important according to most Christians and also in mark 10:13 the parable tells of people bringing their little children to Jesus to have him touch them. But the disciples rebuke them. Jesus sees this and says to them let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for the kingdom of God belongs to them. Meaning Jesus believes that life at the beginning is important as well. The Orthodox Church believes abortion is a heinous act of evil and shouldnt be used to kill an unborn child. But the Church of England has a different view they believe the foetus is important and it is wrong kill the foetus but the mother has the right to have an abortion if she wants. The story of the Good Samaritan is a good example it is trying to tell us to love our enemy but how can we do it if we are allowing people to die. This tells us that Christian responsibility about abortion and abortion is strong. There are other people who argue for abortion. The Anglican Church believes abortion should be used if the mothers life is affected. So either way someone will be killed. The Beatitudes as well say happy are the merciful this means to allow abortion happen and become more merciful. The humanists believe life can be ended if they wish so abortion can be allowed to happen. But euthanasia though will only be made if the person who is ready to die wants it. The Methodists believe the same Pre death Landlines must be relieved all needs including the spiritual must be met Jesus was filled with pity for the helpless by allowing abortion and euthanasia is the common argument for abortion and euthanasia because it gets rid of the suffering of the mother and the person who will die. A Christian responds by having abortion either because of rape which is a horrible experience. And another problem for pregnant women is would they have enough money to support a child as it grows up another reason is if the mothers health is effected which can lead to the mother dieing and the child dieing as well. Also the mother may also be very young and may not hold the responsibility to look after a child or the mother is too old to give birth. Roman Catholics believe you should not have an abortion even if the mother or family is affected, but to help the mother and family through the ordeal rather than forgetting about them because of the saying Should not be indifferent to sorrow and misery. A Christian should do what he can. Christians have a different response for euthanasia, all Christians believe euthanasia is wrong however in some cases some Christians may go against the church and say it would be more merciful to allow euthanasia. Tony Bland was crushed in the Hillsborough disaster. Tony had been put on a life support machine for 4 years till it was switched off by hiss parents consent. A priest said that they had gone against Christianity and committed euthanasia. But another priest said that they werent because Tony was not showing any sign of improvement. Euthanasia is best for people who live a life of suffering and feel themselves that they would rather die than suffer. People who are against abortion or euthanasia find a better way around than allowing the child aborted or the person to die. In Euthanasia Christians care for the patient, give counselling or send them to a hospice, this gives them a good life before they die. Hospices look after patients who are ill and near to dieing, they give them happiness before they die rather than just letting them die which is a bad way to die and euthanasia is the easy way out. Even though they are suffering which in away gets those to heaven just like Jesus who suffered on the cross before being sent to heaven. Allowing Euthanasia is like killing Jesus just like the parable of the sheep and the goats. People should also have the power to decide if someone is to die that is breaking the commandment thou shall not kill. Christians who do not allow abortion keep the baby, put the baby up for adoption or get counselling. These can be difficult to do if they keep the baby it can be hard to afford to look after it or if it is put up for adoption it is hard to give it away. Christians do this so that they dont break the commandment thou shall not kill and breaking also that life start at conception. Roman Catholics say everyone should not commit abortion because Respect for life is not a duty, but embedded in the mind and heart of the human race meaning there is no excuse to have an abortion. The orthodox religion does not have abortions because they believe life is sacred. What Christians believe about life is up to them. They should not try to make others accept their position Christians would argue against this they would say the bible is the word of God, a sacred and holy book. It has wisdom that will never become outdated and will tell people what to do in everyday life. It is 4000years old and the worlds all time best seller. Christians base their rites on the bible and think it should be listened to. I disagree because the bible is old and in that day they never had situations were a pregnant women wanted to have an abortion so how can the bible give advice on how to tackle a way around on not having an abortion. Many believe that Christians should keep their opinions to themselves because they brainwash people in to believing the one thing. However pro life groups believe Christian do not brainwash people, but educate them. Christians speak for those who cannot speak for themselves such as the unborn child and terminally ill. I agree because the unborn child doesnt have the chance to make the decision to live. Many people believe Christians should be listened to because they make the world a better place. They say that Christians do this because it is right not because they will receive a reward on earth. I agree but I think some issues Christians tell our not the right way for instance in South Africa some women suffer from aids because of Christians saying they cant use artificial contraceptive to stop getting aids so women and children die, which is not the right way so Christians should allow artificial contraceptives.